Xylem-to-soil potential of 50–200 mV
Peer reviewed
Validation
How we are testing the claim
The existence of the potential is established in peer-reviewed literature. Its quantitative relationship to fuel moisture is not, and we do not present it as though it were. This page sets out the programme that will settle it.
Status
Claim by claim, where the evidence stands
Under-canopy conditions differ from open-clearing weather readings
Peer reviewed
Correlation of the signal with fuel moisture
In evaluation
Multi-season electrode stability
In evaluation
Maintenance-free multi-year operation
Target
Programme
Four steps, in this order
Control experiments Bench and plot work that separates a plant signal from an electrode effect, using identical electrodes, dead-wood controls and soil-only controls.
Pre-registered protocol A protocol registered in advance with an independent academic partner, including the pass criteria, before any field data is collected.
Field deployment Instrumented stands with paired reference sampling on a fixed schedule, across more than one species and more than one season.
Publication Release of the interim analysis, whatever it shows, with the raw series available to the reviewing partner.
Every programme needs an exit condition. Ours is pre-registered:
Discipline
Pass and stop criteria
The programme carries a pre-registered pass threshold: the signal must add measurable skill over a weather-only baseline. It also carries a stop criterion. If the data does not clear the threshold, we will publish that result and will not deploy further capital on the original hypothesis.
Reference
The published record
Love, Mershin & Zhang (2008): Source of Sustained Voltage Difference between the Xylem of a Potted Ficus benjamina Tree and Its Soil. PLoS ONE 3(8): e2963.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002963
Peer reviewed
MIT News, September 2008: Preventing forest fires with tree power.
Historical
US Patents 7,466,032 (2008) and 7,667,340 (2010), held by Voltree Power, Inc. They expire in 2027.
They establish twenty years of priority in the category. They are not a forward moat and we do not present them as one.
Historical
First under-canopy federal deployment, 2009.
Historical
What the patents cover
US 7,466,032 (2008) and US 7,667,340 (2010) claim drawing and using electricity from living plants — the root of the company’s twenty-year priority. Both expire in 2027, and we say so plainly. New filings on the current measurement approach precede any technical disclosure.
Prior work
University research, 2016–2017
Company-sponsored university research observed voltage changes preceding visible drought stress in a controlled study. Field validation is the subject of the current programme; the recovered laboratory and field data are being audited as an input to its design.
In evaluation
Method
What is measured against what
| Sensor reading | Reference method | Cadence |
|---|---|---|
| Xylem-to-soil potential | Gravimetric fuel moisture, oven-dried samples | Reference weekly, sensor continuous |
| Xylem-to-soil potential | Stem water potential, pressure chamber | Reference weekly, midday |
| Node-local conditions | Co-sited temperature and humidity logger | Continuous |
| Node-local conditions | Nearest official weather station record | Hourly |
Research partners
We are looking for an independent group to hold the protocol and review the analysis. If your work touches plant electrophysiology, fuel moisture or in-situ sensing, we would like to hear from you.